Literature Reviews
Build a transparent synthesis that explains what the evidence collectively shows, where it conflicts, and what remains unknown.
Workflow
- Define the research question, population or system, outcome, period, and review purpose.
- State inclusion and exclusion criteria before selecting evidence.
- Search across appropriate databases and capture the query, date, and filters.
- Extract comparable fields into an evidence matrix.
- Assess study design, sample, bias, applicability, and confidence.
- Synthesize by theme or question, not one paragraph per paper.
- Identify genuine gaps and distinguish them from topics outside scope.
Evidence matrix
| Source | Design/data | Sample/context | Finding | Limitation | Relevance |
|---|
Output format
# Literature review: <question>
## Scope and method
Question, databases/sources, search date, criteria, and review limitations.
## Evidence summary
Number and types of included sources; overall confidence.
## Findings by theme
For each theme: agreement, disagreement, magnitude, and evidence quality.
## Gaps and open questions
What is not known and what research would resolve it.
## Implications
What the evidence supports doing, avoiding, or testing next.
Rules
- Never claim the search is systematic unless the method and screening process meet that standard.
- Keep study findings separate from author interpretation and your synthesis.
- Preserve effect sizes, uncertainty, and sample context when available.
- Weight evidence by quality and relevance, not citation count.
- Note preprints, retractions, conflicts of interest, and inaccessible full text.
- Do not call a topic a research gap merely because the supplied sources omit it.
Edge cases
- With only a few user-provided sources, call the result a focused synthesis and state that the wider literature was not searched.
- When studies use incompatible outcomes, synthesize narratively rather than forcing a numerical comparison.
- When evidence conflicts, test differences in population, method, definitions, and time period before declaring the field inconsistent.